ANDREA LI

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OpalGemstone Guide

A red-haired model in a pleated ivory gown looking over her shoulder, wearing a gold ear climber and a gold wire necklace draped down her back, both clustered with pale blue gemstones

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Opal · October Birthstone

Inside an opal's fire

Opal flashes with every color in the spectrum. Tap a marker to see where the fire comes from, and why it is the most delicate stone I set.

Opal

Tap a marker

No two opals flash the same way. Tap a marker on the stone to see what gives opal its color, what it is made of, and why it asks for such gentle handling.

  1. 1Play-of-Color. Those flashing patches of green, blue, and violet are play-of-color. Light bends as it passes through microscopic silica spheres stacked inside the stone, splitting into the spectrum. Red is the rarest flash of all.
  2. 2Silica & Water. Opal is hardened silica gel with water still trapped inside, sometimes up to a fifth of the stone. It never grew into a crystal, which makes it unlike any other gem you own.
  3. 3Delicate. At 5.5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, opal is soft and brittle. It can craze, a fine web of surface cracks, if it dries out or meets sudden heat. It is the most fragile stone I set.

Illustrative, not a photograph.

Andrea Li

Gemstone Profile: Opal

Types of Opal

  1. Black opal
    01

    Black Opal

  2. White opal
    02

    White Opal

  3. Crystal opal
    03

    Crystal Opal

  4. Boulder opal
    04

    Boulder Opal

Play-of-Color

Diffraction of light

Internal silica spheres disperse light into a stunning spectrum, the flashing color you see when you tilt the stone.

Pattern and intensity

Value is set by the complexity of the colors and the brilliance of the flash. Red is the rarest of all.

Key Origins

01

Australia

Lightning Ridge, Coober Pedy, and Queensland. Known for black, white, and boulder opals.

02

Ethiopia

The Welo region. Known for high-grade crystal and Welo opals.

Value Factors

Color

Rarity of the color, with red the rarest, and overall vibrancy.

Pattern

Harlequin, pinfire, and ribbon, the unique arrangements of the flash.

Body Tone

A scale from light to black that sets how vividly the color reads.

Care & Handling

Avoid Intense Heat

Sudden heat and dryness can craze an opal. Keep it from both.

Keep From Chemicals

Protect it from perfumes, cleaners, and acids.

Handle With Care

Store it separately so harder stones cannot scratch it.

Discover more at andreali.com Andrea Li

This stone is part of my pastel gemstone collection, one-of-a-kind pieces handcrafted in Denver.

A Field Guide to Fire, Water, and the Most Delicate Stone I Set

Opal does not behave like other gems. It never grew into a crystal, it still holds water inside it, and it flashes with every color in the spectrum from a body that can be milky white, glassy, or midnight black. It is the most beautiful stone I work with, and the one I break the most. Here is what opal actually is, the kinds you will meet, and how to live with a stone this delicate.

A model in a black tank top wearing an Australian opal and gemstone necklace on silver oval links and a matching bracelet, by Andrea Li

What gives opal its fire

Hold an opal to the light and tilt it, and you see patches of color flash and shift across the stone: green, blue, violet, sometimes a rare and prized red. That is called play-of-color, and it is opal's signature.

It happens because opal is built from millions of microscopic spheres of silica, stacked in an orderly grid. When light passes through that grid, it bends and splits into its component colors, the same way a film of oil or a butterfly wing throws color without holding any pigment. The size and spacing of the spheres decide which colors you see. Tiny spheres flash blue and violet; larger ones reach all the way to orange and red, which is why red play-of-color is the rarest.

Not every opal does this. Plain opal with no play-of-color is called potch, or common opal. The stones I set are precious opal, the ones that catch fire.

It is the most beautiful stone I work with, and the one I break the most.

The kinds of opal

Opal is really a family of stones, and they behave so differently they are almost separate gems.

TypeBodyWhat sets it apart
Australian / white / crystalLight to translucentThe classic. Pastel flashes on a pale or glassy body. Generally stable, not hydrophane.
Black opalDark gray to blackThe most prized. A dark body makes the play-of-color blaze. Most comes from Lightning Ridge, Australia.
Boulder opalThin opal on brown ironstoneThe opal is left on its natural host rock, so the dark backing gives black-opal drama in thin natural seams.
Ethiopian / WeloHoney to colorless, often very brightVivid and more affordable, but hydrophane: it drinks in water and can turn clear or change color when wet, then returns as it dries.

That last property has a name worth knowing. Hydrophane opal, which most Ethiopian Welo is, is porous enough to absorb water and even oils. Get it wet and it can go temporarily transparent or shift color, recovering only once it fully dries. It can also drink in lotions, perfume, or dye and hold a stain, so a hydrophane opal asks for more caution than a stable Australian stone.

Pale opal pieces on Andrea Li's steel bench block, the most fragile stones she set in her Tamar collection

01

The mostdelicatestone I set

I will be honest with you: opal is the stone I break more than any other. It is soft, between 5.5 and 6.5 on the Mohs scale, and it is brittle, so it has very little tolerance for stress at a single point.

This is also why you will not find opal in every collection I make. It currently lives in my Pastel collection and a few Signature pieces, but it is not a staple the way amethyst, aquamarine, or sapphire are. When I use opal, it is a deliberate choice for a stone that earns its fragility.

Strands of opal briolettes flashing color on Andrea Li's bench block, a jar of opals behind them

02

Caring foropal

Opal needs more gentleness than almost anything else you own.

Keep it away from all heat and from sudden changes in temperature, which can shock the stone and cause crazing, the fine network of surface cracks opal can develop. Never put opal in an ultrasonic or steam cleaner. Keep it away from harsh chemicals, and with hydrophane opal, away from prolonged soaking, perfume, and lotion.

To clean it, I use the same gentle process I recommend for all my pieces: warm water, a soft toothbrush, and a drop of Dawn to lift away oils and dust, then the polishing cloth tucked into every order to bring the metal back. No heat, no chemicals, no shortcuts. Treated kindly, an opal will hold its fire for generations.

A model wearing an Australian opal and gemstone multi-chain necklace in gold, with earrings, by Andrea LiAustralian opal cluster earrings by Andrea Li

03

Wearingopal

Opal is the October birthstone, which makes it a meaningful choice for an autumn birthday, and tradition has long linked it with imagination and individuality, fitting for a one-of-a-kind piece.

Because it is delicate, opal is happiest in pieces that live a gentler life: earrings, a pendant, a brooch, a ring saved for occasions rather than everyday knocks. If you are drawn to a stone that is genuinely unlike any other, that holds a whole spectrum in a single cabochon, opal is for you. No two ever flash the same way.

From the bench · Andrea Li

Just how fragile opal is, ranked against what I set next to it

A note from Andrea Li, who sets opal by hand in her Denver studio.

A pastel gemstone cluster mid-build on Andrea Li's bench, its wire ends still loose

People lump opal and moonstone together as the delicate stones. They are not in the same league. Opal is by far the more fragile of the two. I only learned how fragile when I started working it regularly, and I broke dozens of opals making my Pastel collection before it sank in.

That cost changed how I build. Now I never set opal the way I set everything else. With most stones I wind a cluster tight, because the tension is what makes the structure stable. With opal I do the opposite on purpose: I do not fully tighten the cluster. I leave intentional empty spaces, finish the surrounding structure first, and then set each opal last, individually, by hand, so nothing around it can stress it as it goes in. It is slower, and it is the only way I have found to keep October's stone in one piece.

From the bench · Andrea Li

The one stone I loosen the weave for

A note from Andrea Li, who sets opal by hand in her Denver studio.

On the back of my work there is a weave, a web of wire I was told for years to hide and never could. It is the truest part of what I make, and I usually wind it tight, because the tension is what holds a cluster stable. Opal is the one stone that makes me set that tension down.

With opal I loosen the weave on purpose. It is the only way October's stone survives my hands.

People lump opal and moonstone together as the delicate stones. They are not in the same league. Opal is by far the more fragile of the two. I only learned how fragile when I started working it regularly, and I broke dozens of opals making my Pastel collection before it truly sank in.

So I changed how I build. With most stones I wind the cluster tight and let the tension do the work. With opal I do the opposite, on purpose. I do not fully tighten. I leave intentional empty spaces, finish the surrounding structure first, and set each opal last, by hand, so nothing around it can stress it as it goes in. It is slower, and it is the only way I keep October's stone whole. The weave still holds. It just learns, for this one stone, exactly where to loosen its grip.

Frequently asked questions

What is opal made of?

Opal is hydrated silica, which means silica with water still trapped inside it, sometimes as much as twenty percent. Unlike most gems, it never formed a crystal. It is hardened silica gel, which is part of why it is both so unusual to look at and so delicate to wear.

What is play-of-color in an opal?

Play-of-color is the flashing, shifting patches of color you see when you tilt an opal. It is caused by light bending and splitting as it passes through microscopic spheres of silica stacked inside the stone. The spacing of those spheres decides which colors appear, with red being the rarest.

Why do opals crack or craze?

Opal can develop a fine network of surface cracks, called crazing, usually from drying out, from heat, or from a sudden change in temperature. It is also brittle and can chip or crack from a sharp knock or from stress at a single point. This is why opal should be kept from heat, ultrasonics, and impacts.

What is a black opal?

A black opal is an opal with a dark gray to black body tone. The dark background makes its play-of-color look especially vivid and electric, which is why black opal, most of it from Lightning Ridge in Australia, is the most prized and valuable type.

What is Ethiopian or Welo opal?

Ethiopian opal, much of it from the Welo region, is known for very bright, vivid play-of-color at a more accessible price. Most of it is hydrophane, meaning it absorbs water and can temporarily turn clear or change color when wet, returning to normal as it dries. It needs more careful handling than stable Australian opal.

Is opal too fragile to wear?

Opal is soft and brittle, but it is absolutely wearable with care. It does best in pieces that take fewer knocks, like earrings, pendants, and brooches, or rings worn for occasions. Keep it away from heat, ultrasonic cleaners, and hard impacts, and it will last for generations.

How do you clean opal jewelry?

Use only warm water, a soft toothbrush, and a drop of Dawn dish soap to remove oils and dust, then a soft polishing cloth for the metal. Never use heat, steam, ultrasonic cleaners, or harsh chemicals, and avoid soaking hydrophane opal for long.

What color is opal?

An opal's body can be milky white, glassy, honey, or dark gray to black, and precious opal flashes every color in the spectrum across it: green, blue, violet, and sometimes a rare red. The body tone sets how vividly that color reads, which is why a black opal blazes. When I choose opals at the Tucson Gem Show, I look for brilliancy, the most vibrant flash I can find.

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